PRA-RANCANGAN PABRIK LEMAK COKELAT MENTAH DARI BIJI KAKAO KAPASITAS PRODUKSI 30.000 TON/TAHUN
Abstract
Abstrak - Lemak cokelat sebagai produk industri pangan merupakan salah satu sektor penopang pertumbuhan manufaktur dan ekonomi di Indonesia. Pra-rancangan pabrik lemak cokelat mentah dari biji kakao bertujuan untuk menerapkan disiplin ilmu teknik kimia, khususnya di bidang pra rancangan pabrik kimia dan operasi teknik kimia sehingga dapat memberikan gambaran kelayakan pendirian pabrik lemak cokelat dari biji kakao. Pabrik lemak cokelat dengan kapasitas produksi 30.000 ton/tahun direncanakan beroperasi selama 24 jam/hari dan 320 hari/tahun dengan proses produksi menggunakan metode ekstraksi pelarut yang bertujuan untuk memenuhi sekitar 80% kebutuhan lemak cokelat di Indonesia pada tahun 2026. Bahan baku yang dibutuhkan adalah biji kakao sebanyak 8.414,1922 kg/jam dan pelarut n-heksana sebanyak 5.919,9098 kg/jam. Produk samping yang dihasilkan yaitu bubuk cokelat sebanyak 24.663,3152 ton/tahun. Pabrik ini direncanakan akan didirikan pada tahun 2024 di Kecamatan Sungai kunyit, Kabupaten Mempawah, Provinsi Kalimantan Barat dengan jumlah tenaga kerja 172 orang. Evaluasi ekonomi menunjukkan bahwa pabrik ini membutuhkan biaya investasi total sebesar Rp 670.066.028.936,84 dengan arus kas setelah pajak Rp 396.852.394.330,82/tahun. Analisis profitabilitas menghasilkan Return on Investment 59,23%, Payout Out Time 1,43 tahun, Profit Margin on Sales 7,02%, Discounted Cash flow Rate of Return 59,09%, Net Present Worth Rp 108.997.541,06 dan Break-Even Point 39,27%. Berdasarkan data tersebut maka disimpulkan bahwa Pabrik Lemak Cokelat Mentah dari Biji Kakao Kapasitas Produksi 30.000 ton/tahun layak didirikan.
Kata Kunci: lemak cokelat, biji kakao, ekstraksi pelarut
References
Afoakwa, E. O. 2016. Chocolate Science and Technology, 2nd Edisition. United Kingdom: John Willey and Sons.
Afoakwa, E. O., Jennifer Q., Jemmy T., Agnes S. B., & Firibu K. S. 2013. Chemical composition and physical quality characteristics of Ghanaian cocoa beans as affected by pulp pre-conditioning and fermentation. Journal of Food Science and Technology, Vol. 47(1), ISSN 0022-1155.
Anoraga, S. B., S Wijanarti., & Sabarisman. 2019. Effect of Extraction Time and Pressing Temperature On Characteristic of Cocoa Powder Quality. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 355 012050.
Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Mempawah. 2022. Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Kabupaten Mempawah Tahun 2014-2034. Mempawah: BPS.
Badan Pusat Statistik. 2021. Statistik Perdagangan Luar Negeri. Jakarta: BSN.
Bailey’s. 2005. Industrial Oil and Fat Products. Sixth Edition. A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication
Bart-Plange, A. dan E.A. Baryeh. 2003. The Physical Properties of Category B Cocoa Beans. Journal of Food Engineering. 60 (3): 219-227.
Bateson, R. N. 1993. “Introduction to Control System Technology”. Singapore: Maxwell Macmillan International.
Beckett, S.T. 2017. Industrial Chocolate Manufacture and Use, Fifth Edition. Chichester: Blackwell Publishing.
Bellows, J. 2004. Steam. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 5 Ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bertazzo, A., S. Comai, F. Mangiarini, dan S. Chen. 2013. Composition of Cacao Beans. Chocolate in Health and Nutrition. New York: Humana Press.
Brown dkk. 1950. Unit Operations. New Delhi: CBS Publishers & Distributors.
Brownell, L.E. dan E.H. Young. 1959. Process Equipment Design: Vessel Design. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Carter, C.F., Jr. 1993. Process for Extracting Cocoa Butter and Cocoa Cake from Cocoa Beans. US Patent 5252349.
¬Codex Alimentarius. 1981. Standard For Cocoa Butter. International Food Standards.
Couper, J.R., W.R. Penney, J.R. Fair, dan S.M. Walas. 2012. Chemical Process Equipment Selection and Design, Third Edition. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Dessouky, H.T. and Ettouney, H.M. 2002. Fundamentals of Salt Water Desalination. Amsterdam. Elsevier.
Dinas Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi Pemerintah Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. 6 November 2022. UMP/UMK di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat Tahun 2015-2022.
Edgar, T.F., Himmelblau, D.M. and Lasdon, L.S. 2001. Optimization of Chemical Processes. McGraw Hill Chemical Engineering Series, New York.
Evans, F. L. 1980. Equipment Design Handbook for Refineries and Chemical Plants. Second Edition. Huston. Gulf Publishing Company.
Garrett, D.E. 1989. Chemical Engineering Economics. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Geankoplis, C.J. 1993. Transport Processes and Unit Operations, Third Edition. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall International, Inc.
Green, D.W. dan R.H. Perry. 2008. Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, Eighth Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Kementrian Pertanian. 2021. Statistik Perkebunan Indonesia 2015-2021. Jakarta: Direktorat Jendral Perkebunan.
Kern, D.Q. 1950. Process Heat Transfer. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Kumbar, V., S. Nedomova, S. Ondrusikova, dan A. Polcar. 2018. Rheological Behaviour of Chocolate at Different Temperatures. Slovak Journal of Food Sciences. 12 (1): 123-128.
Landfeld, A., Pavla N., Jan S., Milan H., & Karel K. 2000. Viscosity of Cocoa Butter. International Journal of Food Properties, Vol 3 (1).
Lipp, M., & Anklam, E. 1998. Review of cocoa butter and alternative fats for use in chocolate-Part A. Compositiona data, Food Chemistry, Vol.62(1): 73-97.
Maroulis, Z.B. & G. Saravacos. 2003. Food Process Design. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
McCabe, W.L., J.C. Smith, dan P. Harriott. 1993. Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, Fifth Edition. Singapore: McGraw-Hill
Mills, D. 2004. Pneumatic Conveying Design Guide, Second Edition. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann
Minifie, B.W. 1989. Chocolate, Cocoa, and Confectionery: Science and Technology, Third Edition. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Moss, D.R. 2004. Pressure Vessel Design Manual, Third Edition. Oxford: Gulf Professional Publishing.
Myers, P. 2004. Tanks and Pressure Vessels. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 5th Ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pemerintah Kabupaten Mempawah. Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten mempawah Nomor 3 Tahun 2021 tentang Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan Perdesaan dan Perkotaan.
Pemerintah RI. Keputusan Menteri Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi Republik Indonesia Nomor KEP.102/MEN/VI/2004 tentang Waktu Kerja Lembur dan Upah Kerja Lembur.
Pemerintah RI. Undang Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 36 Tahun 2008 tentang Perubahan Keempat Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1983 tentang Pajak Penghasilan.
Pemerintah RI. Peraturan Menteri Perindustrian Republik Indonesia Nomor 40 Tahun 2016 Tentang Pedoman Teknis Pembangunan Kawasan Industri.
Peters, M.S. dan K.D. Timmerhaus. 1991. Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers, Fourth Edition. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
Powell, S. T. 1954. Water Conditioning for Industry. Mc Graw Hill International Book Company. New York.
Purtle, dkk. 2002. Method And Arrangement For Processing Cocoa Mass: Resulting Products. Patent Application Publication. US. US 2002/0006459 A1.
Rase, H.F. dan M.H. Barrow. 1968. Project Engineering of Process Plants. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Reineccius, G.A., D.A. Andersen, T.E. Kavanagh, & P.G. Keeney. 1972. Identification and Quantification of the Free Sugars in Cocoa Beans. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 20 (2).
Richardson, J.F., J.H. Harker, dan J.R. Backhurst. 2002. Coulson and Richardson’s Chemical Engineering, Volume 2 Fifth Edition. Oxford: Butterworth-Heineman.
Rojo-Poveda, O., L. Barbosa-Pereira, G. Zeppa, dan C. Stevigny. 2020. Cocoa Bean Shell−A By-Product with Nutritional Properties and Biofunctional Potential. Nutrients. 12 (4).
Rothgery, E.F. 2004. Hydrazine and Its Derivatives. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 5 Ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Saravacos, G. dan A.E. Kostaropoulos. 2016. Handbook of Food Processing Equipment, Second Edition. New York: Springer International Publishing.
Sekretariat Jendral. 2007. Gambaran Sekilas Industri Kakao. Jakarta: Pusat Data dan Informasi.
Shahidi, F. 2005. Bailey’s Industrial Oil and Fat Products. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
Sinnott, R.K. 1999. Coulson and Richardson’s Chemical Engineering, Volume 6 Third Edition. Oxford: Butterworth-Heineman.
Smallwood, I. N. 1996. Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
SNI 2323:2008. Biji Kakao. Jakarta: BSN.
SNI 3748:2009. Lemak cokelat. Jakarta: BSN.
Stewart, M., dan Ken Arnold. 2008. Gas-Liquid dan Liquid-Liquid Separators. USA. Gulf Professional Publishing.
Thakore, S.B. dan B.I. Bhatt. 2015. Introduction to Process Engineering and Design, Second Edition. New Delhi: McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited.
Treybal, R.E. 1980. Mass-Transfer Operations, Third Edition. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
Ulrich, G.D. 1984. A Guide to Chemical Engineering Process Design and Economics. New York: John -Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Van't Land. 2012. Drying in the Process Industry. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Venter, M.J. 2006. Gas Assisted Mechanical Expression of Cocoa Nibs. Tesis. University of Twente, Enschede.
Yaws, Carl. L. 1999. Chemical Properties Handbook. Mc Graw Hill International Book Company. New York.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Penerbit:
Jurusan Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Tanjungpura. Jalan Prof. Dr. H. Hadari Nawawi Pontianak 78124. Telepon (0561) 740186
Email: rinjanisiwi@gmail.com