Energy Audit on Lighting and Air Conditioning Systems at Al-Azhar Islamic School

Based on Government Regulation No. 70 of 2009 concerning energy conservation, it is stated that the use of energy by energy sources and users must be carried out sparingly and efficiently. Based on these regulations, this thesis was made with the aim of analyzing opportunities for saving electrical energy in the Islamic Middle School Al-Azhar 17 Pontianak and Islamic High School Al-Azhar 10 Pontianak buildings. Data collection was carried out from December 2022 to January 2023. The results of the analysis obtained 2 recommendations for saving electricity. In the first option, for the lighting system it is done by changing TL lamps to LEDs, requiring 240 LED lamps and for the air conditioning system it is done by changing the refrigerant to Musicool MC-22. Estimated electricity savings of 17%. The payback period is 2 years, 3 months. In the second option, 446 LED lamps were also replaced with TL lamps to LEDs. For the air conditioning system, the AC is replaced with an inverter type. Estimated electricity savings of 61.13%. The payback period is 2 years, 2 months. From the results of this analysis, energy conservation efforts to get electricity savings and cost savings are very feasible in these schools. Apart from that, Lighting lamps that are insufficient or do not meet the established lighting standards based on SNI can have an impact on decreasing eye health or the quality of vision of teachers and students. Because the eyes also need good enough lighting to carry out their function as a sense of sight, so that the quality of eye health remains fulfilled.


INTRODUCTION
Electrical energy is a form of energy that is often used by humans in everyday life.Electrical energy has been widely used to support various activities in various fields, for example in the fields of industry, education, health, and others.Large buildings or buildings, of course, require electrical energy to support various facilities inside, such as for lighting, air conditioning, and others.Many rooms, such as in offices, have been installed as lighting, fans, air conditioners (AC) as air conditioners, and others.However, most of the lighting and air conditioning that is used, still uses lamps and air conditioners that are old products that are classified as wasteful.In fact, the use of the latest products that are more efficient, can minimize electricity consumption, so that it is expected to reduce the cost of paying for electricity.In the education sector, it certainly requires lights and air conditioning as lighting and air conditioning to support the teaching and learning process.Saving electricity in lighting and air conditioning systems is of course very beneficial for school residents and the government.
Based on Government Regulation no.70 of 2009 concerning energy conservation stated that the use of energy by sources and energy users must be carried out sparingly and efficiently [1].From these government regulations, one of the steps that can be taken to save energy is to carry out an energy audit to calculate electricity consumption Energy Intensity (IKE), Energy Saving Opportunities, and lighting and air conditioning systems that can be adjusted to SNI.
From the description that has been presented, saving the use of electrical energy is a very important action at this time, especially in lighting and air conditioning systems, for example in the field of education, such as the Al-Azhar Islamic School in Pontianak.The first step haThe thing to do is energy management by carrying out energy audits [1].Therefore, a research proposal was prepared for this thesis so that consideration could be given to the importance of analyzing energy-saving opportunities by means of an energy audit on • The number of lights is calculated based on the function and size of the room.
• Calculating the area of the entire building, because it greatly influences the IKE value.
• The data taken is 2019-2022, namely before and after the Covid-19 pandemic.
• Calculations of EER, COP, payback period, and AC capacity are carried out based on room size.

2 Electrical Energy
Is one type of energy needed for electrical equipment, where this energy is stored in electric current (Amperes) and voltage (Volts) with the need for electric power (Watts) to drive motors, lighting, and others.The basic unit of electrical energy is the Joule, the unit again is kWh (kilo-Watt-hour) [4].

3 Energy Conservation
Is an effort to streamline the use of energy for a need so that wastage of energy can be avoided [5].Building conservation is a systematic, planned and integrated effort to improve domestic energy resources and increase the efficiency of their utilization without sacrificing demands for human comfort or reducing equipment performance [6].

4 Energy Audits
Is the process of evaluating the use of energygi and recognize energy-saving opportunities as well as recommendations for increasing efficiency in energy users and users of energy sources in the context of energy conservation [6].

4. 1 Walk Through Audits
Isenergy audit which includes historical data collection, building documentation and observations, IKE calculations, potential energy savings and preparation of audit reports [6].

4. 2 Preliminary Audits
Ais an energy audit which includes the collection of historical data, building documentation, observation and measurement of electrical loads, calculations of IKE, potential energy savings and preparation of audit reports [6].

4. 3 Detailed Audits
Aare activities carried out if the IKE value is greater than the specified target value, including historical data collection, building documentation, complete observations and measurements, IKE calculations, energy saving potential, technical and financial analysis and preparation of audit reports [6].

5 Electricity Basic Tariff
Electricity tariffs can be determined through electricity bill payment rates and refer to the Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No. 28 of 2016 concerning Electricity Rates provided by PT.PLN (Persero).The power installed in the Al-Azhar Islamic Middle School and High School Pontianak building is 105 kVA.Referring to the electricity data rates, the building is included in the S-2/TR tariff consumer class with an estimated electricity cost of around IDR 900.-per kWh.

6 Energy Consumption Intensity (IKE)
Is the term used fordetermine the amount of energy consumption in a system (building).The energy in question is electrical energy.The IKE value is expressed by formula [2] :

7 Amount of Electrical Energy Consumption Per Day
The amount of electrical energy consumption per day can be calculated by the equation : Where : P = Power (kWh) t = Usage time (Hour) n = Amount of electricity load

8 Energy Saving
Energy saving is a visit in the energy utilization system to reduce the amount of energy used by consumers.To make energy savings can be done by using energy-efficient products.Saving energy in a building must pay attention to the comfort of its occupants.The formula is [1]: PEA = Total energy consumption (kWh) EU = The amount of energy savings proposed (kWh)

9 Lighting System
An energy audit on the lighting system aims to determine the level of lighting in a room, whether it is in accordance with SNI 6197-2020 regarding energy conservation in the lighting system or not.To calculate the efficiency of lighting, must be taken into account [7]:

9. 1 Lighting Efficiency
a. Wall reflection factor (rw), ceiling reflection (rp), and measurement plane reflection (rm).White color / very light color = 0.7, light color = 0.5, medium color = 0.3, dark color = 0.1, and the factor is set = 0.1.If the degree of impurity is not specified, then a factor is useddepreciation 0.8.

10 LED Lights
LED lights are products of light emitting diodes which are arranged into a lamp.LED lamps have a lifespan and electrical efficiency several times better than incandescent lamps and remain much more efficient than fluorescent lamps.LED lights only require 10% of the energy required by incandescent lights.Unlike incandescent and fluorescent lights, LED lights will produce full light without needing a warm-up time.The initial cost of LED lights is generally more expensive.Degradation of LED dye and packaging material reduces light output over time [8].

11 Air Conditioning System
AC or air conditioning is a modification of the development of engine cooling technology.There are several factors when determining the need for air conditioning in a room, namely cooling power (BTU/h), electrical power (Watts), and the PK number (Paard Kracht) [2].
Refrigeration efficiency is expressed in terms of COP (Coefficient of Performance) or EER (Energy Efficiency Ratio).COP is inversely proportional to operational costs, if the COP is higher, the operational costs incurred will be lower.EER is an indicator of energy efficiency, a comparison between Btu/h and the electricity used.

COP =
Qe (kW) We (kW) Where : Qe = Cooling capacity (kW) We = Compressor input power (kW) n = Number of air conditioners Btu/h = Air conditioner cooling capacity W = Electrical energy (Watt)

12 Refrigerant in Air-Conditioner (AC)
Refrigerant is a liquid that is usually used as a cooling agent in air conditioning machines, such as airconditioners (AC), freezers, refrigerators, chillers, and so on.The way it works is by taking the heat in the room and releasing it into the earth's atmosphere.The refrigerant will undergo a phase change from liquid to gas, and then changes again to liquid [9].

13 Musicool MC-22
Musicool MC-22 is a Hydrocarbon Refrigerant produced by Pertamina which can be used to replace Synthetic Refrigerant type R-22, which has been used as a cooling agent in various cooling machines such as Split AC, Chiller, Refrigerator, Cold Storage and others [10].One of the advantages of Musicool MC-22 as a cooling material is that it reduces electricity flow by an average of 18-23% [11].

14 Inverter AC
The way it works is that when the room temperature has reached the user's wishes, the compressor will remain on and maintain the room temperature as desired.If the temperature increases by several degrees from what the user specified, the inverter compressor will automatically adjust its movement so that the temperature can return to the desired temperature.This automatic movement makes inverter AC more energy efficient.The following are examples of products used in this analysis.

15 Calculation Payback Period
Payback period is the period of time required to return the value of the investment or the amount of money that has been issued.The weakness of this method is that it ignores the time value of money.The following is the formula for calculating the payback period [15] : Initial cost Cost savings per period (10)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1 Place and Time of Research
Research placein the Al-Azhar Islamic Middle School 17 Pontianak and Al-Azhar Islamic High School 10 Pontianak buildings from December 2022 -January 2023.
The limitation of this research is that a small portion of the rooms in the school building cannot be measured because the doors are locked or there is a lot of activity in the room, so measurements cannot be taken and only estimates are used in some of these rooms.

2 Tools and Materials
The tools and materials and used are luxmeter or light meter Lutron LX-105, computer or laptop as data processing, calculator and stationery, books or files as reference material, and camera.

Literary studies
Contains secondary data, namely data or references from books, scientific papers, or the internet as research guidelines, such as data collection from an agency or company.

Field observation
Namely making direct observations at the research location in order to know the actual conditions.In this method, quantitative and qualitative data are collected.Quantitative data is in the form of room data, light and AC data, and measurements using a luxmeter.Qualitative data, namely questions to school administrators regarding matters relating to this research.

Analytical Descriptive
That is to describe in full the results of the research, where the results obtained can be used as a reference for comparison with the data installed in the field.

4 Variables or Research Data
1) Primary data is data obtained directly from the research site, in the form of electricity payment account data in 2019-2022, kWh-meter data (kWh/month) in 2019-2022, school plans, data for each room, and data on lamp specifications and AC used in each room.2) Secondary data, namely data or references from books, scientific papers, or the internet as research guidelines.
The data collection process, such as secondary data taken from PLN UP3 Pontianak 2022 data regarding the amount of electrical energy used per month (kWh / month) and the amount of costs from January 2019 to December 2022 at the Al-Azhar 17 Islamic Middle School Pontianak and Al Islamic High School buildings -Azhar 10 Pontianak.Meanwhile, primary data was obtained by field observation and direct measurements at the research location.In this method, quantitative and qualitative data are collected.Quantitative data consists of room data, light and AC data, and measurements using a Luxmeter.Meanwhile, qualitative data is in the form of questions to school administrators regarding matters related to this research.

6 Results Analysis
Based on observations in the Al-Azhar Pontianak Islamic Middle School and High School buildings, which still use energy-efficient lights and air conditioners, an analysis can be carried out regarding differences in electrical energy consumption, if the building uses energy-efficient lights and air conditioners.

7 Flowchart
Starting from collecting PLN UP3 Pontianak data regarding monthly electrical energy usage (kWh/month) from 2019 to 2022 for Al-Azhar 17 Pontianak Islamic Middle School and Al-Azhar 10 Pontianak Islamic High School.Then measure the length, width and height (using meters) of each room in the school, as well as identify the specifications of the lights and air conditioner (AC) used.Light illumination strength (lux) was also measured using a luxmeter.After the required data has been collected, the next step is to carry out analysis and calculations to obtain higher energy savings using the formulas shown in the initial IKE value calculation section, space index (k), lighting efficiency, number of lamps, air conditioner capacity, etc.After analysis, recommendations for energy savings are obtained.There are two recommendations obtained from this research, both previously, such as on the lighting system and the air conditioning system.Then it will end with a conclusion.

ANALYSIS AND CALCULATIONS 1 IKE Calculation
The IKE standard used is IKE in air-conditioned buildings (buildings with air conditioning).The total building area is2,279.09m2.Below is the calculation of IKE in January 2019.For the calculation of IKE in other months, the procedure is also the same.From the initial IKE calculations, it is estimated that the use of electrical energy in Al-Azhar Pontianak Islamic Middle School and High School is classified as efficient.However, based on measurements and direct observations in schools, most of the rooms still use fluorescent lamps with lighting levels that are still not bright according to SNI standards and the air conditioners installed still use refrigerants that are not environmentally friendly and less energy efficient.Then an analysis is carried out if you change from TL lamps to LEDs and change the AC refrigerant to a refrigerant that is more energy efficient or by changing the AC to an inverter type.

2 Lighting System Calculations 2. 1 Determining Room Index (k)
For examplein the YKIK and Elementary Education Secretariat rooms : Room length = 12,9 meters Room width = 6,9 meters Ceiling height = 3,1 meters Table height = 0,75 meters so : For table height or surface height illuminated by lights other than indoors, such as stairs, toilets and terraces, use a value of 0.10 meters.

2. 3 Lamp Selection
From searches on the internet, obtained 4 Philips LED lamps.To determine the most efficient Philips LED lamp by calculating its efficacy value, namely dividing the lumen and the power of the lamp:  So, many 23 watt Philips LED lamps are needed in the YKIK and Elementary Education Secretariat rooms, if using the average lux measurement results it is 10 lamps with a power of 1.84 kWh.However, if using the lighting level (lux) based on SNI, then the number of lamps used is 16 lamps with a total power of 2.94 kWh.
For the calculation of the space index value (k), the lamp filling value (η), the number of lamps, and estimates of kWh of lighting in other rooms are also calculated in the same way as the calculations for the YKIK Secretariat room and the Basic Education.

3 Air Conditioning System Calculation
The calculation of the air conditioning system in junior and senior high schools is carried out in 2 types of calculations, namely calculations without taking into account the COP-EER value and taking into account the COP-EER value.

3. 1 Air Conditioning System Calculations without Paying Attention to COP and EER Values
Namely changing the refrigerant for each air conditioner to Musicool MC-22 which is assumed to save electricity consumption by 18%.The YKIK and Elementary Education Secretariat rooms are equipped with three air conditioners (AC), namely: So the AC criteria in the YKIK Secretariat and Elementary Education rooms have COP and EER values which are included in the Good criteria.For air conditioners in other rooms, the calculations for COP and EER are the same as for the YKIK Secretariat and Basic Education.

3. 2. 1 Calculation of AC Capacity Required
Because the COP and EER values of the air conditioning system (AC) are darI think most of the participants still have Very Bad criteria, so an analysis is carried out to increase the COP and EER values, at least get the Good criteria for the air conditioning system (AC).The following is an example of calculating the AC capacity in the YKIK Secretariat room and the Basic Education: Room length = 12,9 meter Room width = 6,9 meter so : AC Capacity = p × l × 500 2 = 12,9 × 6,9 × 500 2 = 22.253 Btu/h From the calculation above, the required AC capacity is 22,253 Btu/h, so an AC with a capacity of ±35,000 Btu/h or 3 PK is recommended.From the calculation of the entire room, a room with a capacity of 3/4 PK and 1 PK can be combined with 2 AC units of 0.5 PK.For a room with a capacity of 3 PK, it can be combined with 2 AC units of 1.5 PK.The AC recommendation used is the LG Dualcool Inverter AC with Watt Control-Eco because the electric power used can be adjusted to 80%, 60%, or 40% of the electric power.

3. 2. 2 Calculating COP-EER If Using Inverter AC
COP and EER calculations still use equation (2.9) and equation (2.10).For example, in the YKIK and Elementary Education Secretariat rooms, the required AC capacity is 3 PK, so it can be combined with 2 inverter AC units, each with a capacity of 1.5 PK and the electrical power used by these 2 AC units can be set at 80%. of the normal consumption of electric power.It can be seen that the criteria for AC in the YKIK Secretariat and Basic Education rooms, if you use an LG brand Inverter AC with athe rule of power consumption is 80%, then it is estimated to have a COP -EER value in the Very Good criteria.For calculations in other rooms, the COP-EER calculations are also the same.

4 Savings in Electrical Energy Consumption
Saving electrical energy in this analysis produces 2 choices.The first option, namely the lighting system using the average lux measurement results and the air conditioning system without taking into account the COP-EER value (replacing the refrigerant for each air conditioner to Musicool MC-22).For this option, the contribution system does not meet SNI and the air conditioning system also does not meet COP-EER good criteria.While the second option is a lighting system with a lux standard based on SNI and an air conditioning system taking into account the COP and EER values so that it is included in the very good criteria (by changing the air conditioner to an inverter type).
Electrical energy consumption per day for lighting and air conditioning systems under current conditions (before recommendations) with a usage time of 8 hours (07.00-15.00):• If the calculation of the payback period in the second option is accompanied by sales of currently installed air conditioners, then : = (IDR 231,290,000.00)− (IDR 57,160,000.00)IDR 107,548,560.00per year = IDR 174,130,000.00IDR 107,548,560.00per year =   ,   Below is a diagramm consumption of electrical energy from the results of analysis and calculations for lighting and air conditioning systems, both in current conditions, and in options 1 and 2.

CONCLUSION
From the initial IKE calculations, it is estimated that the use of electrical energy in Al-Azhar Pontianak Islamic Middle School and High School is still relatively efficient.However, based on measurements and direct observations in schools, most of the rooms still use TL lamps with lighting levels that are still not in accordance with SNI standards and the air conditioners installed still use refrigerants that are not environmentally friendly and less energy efficient.Then an analysis is carried out if you change from TL lamps to LEDs and change the AC refrigerant to a refrigerant that is more energy efficient or by changing the AC to an inverter type.Apart from that, by analyzing to increase the lighting strength of these lamps so that they comply with SNI, we can maintain the quality of eye health for teachers and students, because the eyes need good enough lighting to be able to carry out their function as the sense of sight.There are 2 options for saving electricity.The first option is using a lighting system based on the average lux measurement results and an air conditioning system without taking into account COP and EER values (replacing AC refrigerant with Musicool MC-22).While the second option uses a lighting system with lux based on SNI and an air conditioning system taking into account the COP-EER value (changing the AC to an inverter type).In the first recommendation, the overall lighting system requires 240 23 Watt Philips LED lamps.Meanwhile, in the air conditioning system, 56 refrigerants were replaced with Musicool MC-22 refrigerant.The required fee is IDR 66,000,000.00.Estimated realization of electrical energy, amounting to 131.86 kWh/day (17% more efficient).The estimated payback period is 2 years, 3 months.In the second recommendation, the entire lighting system requires 446 Philips LED 23 Watt lamps.Meanwhile, in the air conditioning system, the air conditioner is replaced with an inverter type.Recommended Inverter ACs are LG T06EV4 (0.5 PK), LG T13EV4 (1.5 PK), and LG T19EV4 (2.0 PK) respectively 12, 7 and 17 units.In this analysis, the lighting system will increase by 37.70 kWh because the lighting level is adjusted based on SNI.The air conditioning system will experience a decrease of 511.90 kWh.The fee is IDR 231,290,000.00.The large estimate of the electricity savings is 474.20 kWh/day (61.13% more efficient).The payback period is 2 years and 2 months.However, if the AC change to the inverter type is accompanied by the sale of the currently installed AC, then the estimated cost is reduced to IDR 174,130,000.00and the payback period is 1 years and 7 months.

ϕ
# = Light flux emitted by all light sources in the room (lm) ϕ " = Useful light flux reaching the working plane, reflected from walls and ceilings (lm) E = Light flux in the working plane emitted by all light sources in the room (lux) A = Work area (m 2 )

b.
Room index or shape index (k) : length (m) l = Room width (m) h = The height of the light source above the working surface (m) ' = Luminous flux in each lamp (lm) A = Room area (m 2 ) E = The required level of lighting (lux) d = Depreciation factor

3. 5
Research Procedure 1. Research stage a) Collect reference materials as a guide in carrying out energy audits on lighting and air conditioning systems.b) Quantitative and qualitative data collection in schools as material for energy-saving opportunity analysis.2. Data Processing Stage a) Perform calculations to find IKE and analyze the results of planning for energy savings.b) Describe the results of data processing and draw conclusions from the problem analysis in this study.c) Compile research reports.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Diagram of electricity consumption in kWh

Table 1
Data for 2023 Lighting Systems on Floors 1-3 of The Building

Table 2
Data for 2023 Air Conditioning Systems on Floors 1-3 of The Building So from the calculation results above, the IKE value in January 2019 is 7.10 kWh/m 2 where this value is included in the Very Efficient category.

Table 3
Initial IKE Value in 2019

4 Determining the Number of Lights and the Amount of Power
Calculations are displayed only in the YKIK Secretariat and Elementary Education rooms.For other spaces, the calculations are the same.
TELECTRICAL Energy Audit on Lighting and Air Conditioning Systems at Al-Azhar Islamic School (Yusvian Khabaranus)