DEVELOPMENT OF ARDUINO BASED TEMPERATURE AND HEAT PRACTICUM TOOLS IN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

This study aims to develop an Arduino Uno-based temperature and heat practicum tool using the DS18B20 temperature sensor for senior high school (SMA). This study uses the Research and Development Method following the procedure for designing a practicum tool that applies the ADDIE model development stage with stages, namely analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation. However, this research is limited to the development stage. The data collection techniques used in this study were media expert validation sheets and material expert validation sheets to determine the feasibility of practicum tools and guidebooks; and student perception sheets to find out students’ responses to practicum tools and guidebooks. The results of experimental data using temperature and heat practicum tools as learning media that were developed fulfill the valid requirements with an average validator by media experts for practicum tools of 96.64% with the very feasible category, while for guidebooks 90.59% with the very feasible category. The validator material is 95.80% in a very feasible category, while for guidebooks 95.81% is in a very feasible category. Students' perception of practicum tools is 91% with a very feasible category, while for guidebooks 95% with a very feasible category. I t hink the tools can be used for physics learning.


INTRODUCTION
In this day and age technology is needed when learning in the classroom and in the laboratory. Teachers usually use practicum tools that are easy to apply in learning so that students are more understanding and motivated in learning. One of the factors that influence the success of practicum activities is the application of effective and efficient props/ practicum tools to make it easier for students to study a physical phenomenon (Boimau et al., 2020).
Science learning as part of education is required to produce students who have the competence to apply the scientific method to solve authentic problems and develop highlevel thinking skills including critical thinking skills (Noor et al., 2023). One of the subjects that can support students' thinking skills and potential is physics because learning physics is very closely related to practicum. In learning physics, learning with theory alone is not enough. Students need practicum to solve problems, especially those that are closely related to everyday life (Waris et al., 2015).
Learning Physics applies learning that is based on understanding concepts through scientific construction with active and fun learning through practicum or activities in the laboratory (Alfiyah & Bakri, 2016). One of the physics lessons related to everyday life is temperature and heat. Learning about temperature and heat, students often experience misconceptions because the knowledge received is still abstract (Tantri et al., 2015).
Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of an object (Nainggolan, 2022). A thermometer as a temperature measuring device is indispensable in the world of science, especially in various physics experiment activities (Jamzuri, 2018). A thermometer is a measuring instrument that states the temperature of an object quantitatively (Rita, 2022). Nurjannah et al. (2017) in their research have been developed temperature and heat practicum tools using sensor DS18B20 based on arduino to measure the specific heat and display the measurement results with a laptop/PC display. Researchers are developing by using the DS18B20 sensor to measure heat energy accurately and it doesn't take a long time because the tool can find out the value of heat energy at the desired temperature without having to calculate it manually.
Different from existing research, the practicum tools made in this study have innovated to display measurement results by adding a 20×4 LCD and entering the heat energy equation in the coding on Arduino Uno to make it easier to retrieve heat energy measurement data. In addition, added to the LCD display a variation of the temperature menu, so that students can use the push button mounted on the surface of the box as needed.
This practicum tool can provide visualization of the actual concept so that students are able to understand the meaning of delivering the material delivered by the teacher and can make students motivated in learning. The teacher's role in the learning process is to encourage, guide, and provide learning facilities for students to achieve learning goals (Matsun et al., 2019). With the practicum tools, the psychomotor abilities of students will be trained and foster the creativity of students to solve problems encountered in learning. However, the lack of practicum facilities and infrastructure is still a serious obstacle in learning physics (Putri & Jumadi, 2017).
Limited laboratory infrastructure and expensive equipment is not an obstacle to conduct practicum (Agustina et al., 2021). Currently the temperature measuring instrument used is an alcohol or mercury thermometer, and the thermometer has various weaknesses including the capillary tube is easily broken, mercury is toxic, so it is Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika dan IPA Vol. 14, No. 2 (2023) h. 147-161

Anna Yunita Sari, Dedy Hamdani & Andik Purwanto
Development of Arduino based temperature and heat practicum tools in Senior High School dangerous for the safety of students (Putri & Jumadi, 2017).
Based on observations and interviews conducted at three Bengkulu city high schools, field facts related to the implementation of temperature and heat learning were obtained as follows. Practicum tools that schools have for conducting practicums are still limited, only a few practicum tools are available at schools, for example thermometers, rulers, micrometers and calipers. The process of measuring temperature and heat usually still uses manual tools such as alcohol thermometers which are easily broken in use, because the measurement process and calculation of results are carried out manually so it is not time efficient. Practicum is only carried out on certain materials, for example on rotational dynamics, rigid body equilibrium, and center of gravity of objects. In the matter of temperature and heat the teacher cannot do practicum because the practicum set is not complete. So that teachers need physics practicum tools for temperature and heat materials as learning aids. The obstacle that is often faced by teachers is the lack of time to do practicum.
Based on these problems, it is necessary to develop temperature and heat practicum tools as learning aids. In developing the practicum tool the researcher uses the DS18B20 sensor as a temperature gauge to measure heat energy with a data processing system using Arduino so as to generate data automatically. Widyastuti & Ishafit, (2019) stated Arduino Uno as the data acquisition system and the DS18B20 temperature sensor as the thermometer.
Measuring temperature and heat is quite easy, with the DS18B20 sensor. DS18B20 is the latest series digital temperature sensor from Maxim IC. The function of this sensor is to convert temperature into voltage linearly. This sensor is capable of reading temperatures with 9 to 12-bit accuracy, a range of -55°C to 125°C with accuracy (Nurjannah et al., 2017). In addition to using a temperature sensor, the practicum tool uses an electric water heater which functions to heat water, with a relay as an automatic switch. Relay is an electronic component in the form of an electronic switch that is driven by an electric current (Alexander & Turang, 2015).
To start the program system and input the time, push buttons are used. Push button is an electronic component that works by pressing it. The push button functions as a switch to connect or disconnect the electric current. The push button itself has an on and off function (Sulaeman et al., 2022). After all measurement variables are entered into the Arduino Uno system, the variables will be processed by the Arduino Uno programming language IC data and the results of heat energy measurements will be displayed on the LCD. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is made with CMOS logic which works by not producing light but reflecting the light around it to the front-lit or transmitting light from the back-lit (Subagyo, 2017).
This practicum tool can measure heat energy and compare the results with electrical energy and can read the heat energy results with accuracy.

METHODS
In this study, the research and development method was used (R&D) by following the procedure for designing practicum tools which Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika dan IPA Vol. 14, No. This research conducted several stages. In the analysis phase of data collection through observation and interviews. Observation techniques are carried out to find out the problems that arise in the material temperature and heat. Furthermore, interview techniques were conducted with physics teachers to find out if there were temperature and heat practicum tools in schools.
The design stage is related to setting goals, assessment instruments, exercises, content, and analysis related to learning materials, learning plans and media selection. The design phase is carried out systematically and specifically (Kurniawan et al., 2019). At this stage hardware and software design is carried out.
The development stage is carried out by making products and testing practicum tools. Data collection techniques in this study will use validation to determine the feasibility of the tool and students' perceptions of the practicum tool. The validation was given to experts, namely the media validation sheet was validated by 3 physics lecturers and the material validation sheet was validated by 3 physics teachers to find out the feasibility of practicum tools while the questionnaire was given to students to find out students' perceptions of using practicum tools.
The data obtained is used to see the feasibility of the practicum tools produced, from the results the validator will also get suggestions and input to make the practicum tools better and improve them. Masyruhan et al. (2020) states that the equation for calculating the percentage value of errors that occur in the tool: The validity test analysis was carried out by material experts and Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika dan IPA Vol. 14, No.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Analysis
At this stage it begins with conducting observations and interviews held in three Bengkulu city high schools that practicum tools for temperature and heat material are not yet fully available so that teachers rarely do practicum due to time constraints and inadequate tools. Tantri et al. (2015) in their research stated that the decline in learning motivation required teachers to innovate in the learning process. Practicum learning methods are still held because they see the importance of practicum implementation in learning. Thoha et al. (2021) in his research stated that the results of testing and analysis carried out in the manufacture of a tool with the title "Aquascape temperature monitoring and control system using Arduino with a DS18B20 temperature sensor" found that there was no difference in temperature between the thermometer and the DS18B20 temperature sensor, which means this sensor can work properly. In line with research conducted by Harianingsih et al. (2018) with title "Design of an Acetobacter Xylinum Fermentation Temperature Detector System using the DS18B20 Sensor" that the DS18B20 temperature sensor used in the process of measuring the temperature of acetobacter xylinum fermentation in this study has fairly good accuracy. This is indicated by the difference between the temperature Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika dan IPA Vol. 14, No. 2 (2023) h. 147-161

Anna Yunita Sari, Dedy Hamdani & Andik Purwanto
Development of Arduino based temperature and heat practicum tools in Senior High School readings on the thermometer and the sensor after calibration which is not much different, the deviation is between 0.18°C -0.31°C. Researchers developed a temperature and heat practicum tool using the DS18B20 sensor to measure heat energy and electrical energy in water.

Design
This stage is carried out by designing hardware and software on temperature and heat practicum tools. The hardware design of this system consists of the design of the electronic components used. Hardware design can be seen in Figure 2.  Figure 2, the hardware design includes Arduino Uno as a controller that regulates the course of the system's work processes. Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on ATmega328 (datasheet) (Lubis et al., 2019). The microcontroller itself is a chip or IC (Integrated Circuit) that can be programmed using a computer. The purpose of embedding a program on a microcontroller is so that the electronic circuit can read the input, process and output of an electronic circuit (Ihsanto & Hidayat, 2019). The DS18B20 sensor as input to the Arduino Uno to detect temperature, the water heater functions to heat water, the relay functions as an automatic switch for water heaters, the push button functions to start the program system and input time, and the LCD to display the results of measuring heat energy.
Software design has a close relationship with the performance of the hardware devices being made. Software is an important component in the manufacture of this system, so that software design is carried out to maximize hardware performance. The design of the software is carried out by ensuring that the workflow design of the tool is appropriate, then proceed with designing the programming algorithm (Eriyani et al., 2018). The design of the software in this study uses programming on the Arduino IDE Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika dan IPA Vol. 14, No. 2 (2023) h. 147-161

Anna Yunita Sari, Dedy Hamdani & Andik Purwanto
Development of Arduino based temperature and heat practicum tools in Senior High School version 1.8.16 which has been installed on the laptop. The temperature and heat experiment flow chart can be seen in Figure 3. Furthermore, if the start button is pressed, the Arduino will turn on the relay and the water heater will turn on, the DS18B20 sensor will start reading the temperature and time needed when heating the water. If the temperature measurement results reach the specified number, the water heater will Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika dan IPA Vol. 14, No. 2 (2023) h. 147-161

Anna Yunita Sari, Dedy Hamdani & Andik Purwanto
Development of Arduino based temperature and heat practicum tools in Senior High School automatically turn off. All variables that have been input into the arduino system will be displayed on the LCD.

Development
This stage is carried out by making products and assembling practicum tools which include making programs and assembling all the components needed in making tools. The resulting product is a practical tool for measuring heat energy. The resulting practicum tools are shown in Figure 4.

Practicum Tool Trial Phase
This research was conducted to see the accuracy of temperature and heat practicum tools. Precision (accuracy) is the ability of a measuring instrument to produce the same value on repeated measurements. Precision can be determined through repeated experiments, using the same system against the same object at the same magnitude (Fraden, 2016).
This practicum tool can measure temperatures from 10°C -100°C, it's just that in this experiment it was carried out at 40°C, 60°C and 80°C, the tool can measure the temperature automatically according to the desired temperature, when the temperature is set. reaches the desired temperature, the electric heater from the device will automatically turn off. This study compares the results of the heat energy of water with electrical energy. Heat energy can be divided into two, namely changes in temperature and changes in form (Sudarmi, 2020). Heat is a form of energy so it can change from one form to another. Based on the Law of Conservation of Energy, electrical energy can be converted into heat energy and vice versa, heat energy can be changed into electrical energy (Muhsin, 2019). The device used to convert electrical energy into heat energy is an electric heater. The amount of electrical energy that is converted or absorbed is equal to the amount of heat produced. So that mathematically can be formulated (Muhsin, 2019 From the data table 2, the results of experiment 1 obtained a heat yield of 21,100 J while the result of the electrical energy was 19,250 J so that it had an error value of 8.30%. The results of experiment 2 obtained a heat yield of 23,100 J while the result of the electrical energy was 21,000 J so that it had an error value of 9.09%. The results of experiment 3 obtained a heat yield of 23,100 J while the result of the electrical energy was 21,700 J so that it had an error value of 6.06%. From the data table 3, the results of experiment 1 obtained a heat yield of 63,500 J while the result of the electrical energy was 59,500 J so that it had an error value of 6.29%. The results of experiment 2 obtained a heat yield of 65,100 J while the result of the electrical energy was 63,000 J so that it had an error value of 3.22%. The results of experiment 3 obtained a heat yield of 63,400 J while the result of the electrical energy was 61,000 J so that it had an error value of 3.78%. From the data table 4, the results of experiment 1 obtained a heat yield of 105,000J while the result of the electrical energy was 101,500J so that it had an error value of 3.33%. The results of experiment 2 obtained a heat yield of 107,000 J while the result of the electrical energy was 105,000 J so that it had an error value of 1.86%. The results of experiment 3 obtained a heat yield of 107,100 J while the result of the electrical energy was 103,250 J so that it had an error value of 3.59%. Based on the data above, the temperature and heat practicum tool has a good accuracy value so it is suitable for use in the physics learning process, especially in discussing temperature and heat.

Media Validation
The practicum tools that have been completed are validated by media experts and material experts to determine the feasibility level of the practicum tools being developed. Media expert validation is an expert who is an expert in the field of learning media, this media assessment aims to find out whether the learning media developed is feasible as a learning media (Jhoni et al., 2022). Media validation of practicum tools carried out by 3 physics lecturers. Standard criteria for feasibility testing in terms of learning aspects include: tool durability, tool accuracy, tool efficiency, safety for students, aesthetics and tool function (Sutanto, 2011). The results of validation by media experts on the aspect of tool durability are 100%, tool accuracy is 95.83%, tool efficiency is 96.6%, safety for students is 100%, aesthetics is 91.6% and the functioning of experimental tools is 96.64 with an average all aspects of 96.64% (very decent category).
The developed props already have resilience, this is in accordance with the opinion (Sutanto, 2011), states that teaching aids as learning media have resilience. Resistance to weather (air temperature, sunlight, humidity and water) has a protective device from damage and ease of maintenance. The efficiency of using the tool, the assessment of the ease of assembling, the ease of use and practicality in use, for the accuracy of the tool is in line with research Sutanto (2011) this study uses the DS18B20 temperature sensor because it has a good level of accuracy.
There are several suggestions from media experts, namely the heat energy produced is not exactly the same as the electrical energy so that the cause needs to be sought again, while the feasibility aspects for the guidebook are technical presentation and language feasibility (Pusat Penelitian Kebijakan Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Balitbang Kemendikbud, 2017).
On the technical aspect of presentation 89.58%, and language feasibility 91.6 with an average of all aspects of 90.59% (very decent category).
There are several suggestions from media experts, namely that the material is linked again with the Arduino design. According to media experts, practicum tools and guidebooks are declared suitable for use in learning activities, in line with research (Maryam & Fahrudin, 2020) which says that the developed tool is suitable for use in physics learning practicum based on the average validation results in the range of 80% -100% and the average user results are in the range of 80% -100%. Based on the suggestions given by the validator, the researchers made improvements to the guidebook design. The following is a picture of the revised manual: Figure 5. Guidebook of heat and temperature

Material Validation
Material validation of practicum tools carried out by 3 physics teachers. Practicum tools for material validation include aspects of the relevance of teaching materials and educational values (Sutanto, 2011). The results of the validation by material experts on the aspect of linkage of teaching materials were 100%, educational value was 91.60% with an average of all aspects of 95.80% (very feasible category), while for the guidebook the aspects of eligibility included aspects of eligibility for content, eligibility for presentation , and language feasibility (Pusat Penelitian Kebijakan Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Balitbang Kemendikbud, 2017).

Student Perceptions
To measure the quality of the practicum tools that have been developed, students carry out temperature and heat practicums using the practicum tools that have been developed by looking at the guidebook as a guide in doing practicum, after doing practicum students fill out a questionnaire to see students' perceptions after using practicum tools and books guide. After seeing students use the tool the teacher becomes more confident that this practicum tool is appropriate for use in learning because it can increase student creativity and motivate students in learning.
Aspects of student practicum tools, namely aspects of tool efficiency, safety for students in the use of tools and the aesthetics of practicum tools (Sutanto, 2011). As for the aspects of the guidebook, namely the feasibility of the material or content, and language feasibility (Ulumudin et al., 2017). The score Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika dan IPA Vol. 14, No. 2 (2023) h. 147-161

Anna Yunita Sari, Dedy Hamdani & Andik Purwanto
Development of Arduino based temperature and heat practicum tools in Senior High School obtained by students based on the assessment for practicum tools obtained a percentage of 91.76% (very feasible category), for guidebooks obtained a percentage of 95.73% (very feasible category). So that for the average of all aspects, a percentage of 93.74% is obtained in the (very feasible) category and it can be concluded that the students' perceptions of practicum tools and temperature and heat manuals are very feasible.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Based on the results of research data analysis and discussion of the development of an Arduino-based temperature and heat practicum tool, the results of the feasibility test by media experts, material experts and looking at the perceptions of students were declared to have met the valid requirements with proper quality to be used in practicum activities. The practicum tool has a good accuracy value so it is suitable for use in the physics learning process, especially in discussing temperature and heat. This practicum tool can provide visualization of the actual concept so that students are able to understand the meaning of delivering the material delivered by the teacher and can make students motivated in learning. With the practicum tools, the psychomotor abilities of students will be trained and foster the creativity of students to solve problems encountered in learning.
As for the advice given to future researchers, it is necessary to develop practicum tools on the topic of temperature and heat more broadly so that they can be used in physics learning which is able to make students motivated and easy to understand the material in learning.