DIVERSITY AND POTENTIAL UTILIZATION OF SOME WILD MACROSCOPIC FUNGI AROUND IPB UNIVERSITY CAMPUS BUILDING

Mushroom are cosmopolitan organisms which can emerge in a variety of environment, and around the university building is no exception.The goal of this study was to collect information on macrofungi diversity around IPB Unversity Campus Building in order to be used as a reference for its potential in the future. Macrofungi collection was done by opportunistic sampling method. All mushrooms found were Basidiomycota, which dominated by order of Agaricales. A total of 13 mushrooms were identified and described in this study, namely: Armillariella sp., Marasmiellus sp., Mycena sp., Agrocybe sp., Polyporus sp., Entoloma sp., Xeromphalina sp., Paxillus sp., Lentinus sp. 1, Lentinus sp. 2, Collybia sp., Pluteus sp., and Parasola sp. Some macroscopic fungi found to be potentially used as a bioactive compound sources, medicine and also played an important role as a decomposer in the sampling site.

Mushroom is generally described as macrofungi with distinctive fruit body which can be either epigenous or hypogenous and sizeable to be seen with the eye and to be collected by hand (Lodge et al., 2004). Macrofungi are well known as cosmopolitan and heterotrophic organisms in the environment. They arise seasonally or at any time in various habitats such as: humus soil, decaying plant litter, pathogen on the plant, wood logs in forests, and even in sandy and other types of soils.
Mushroom diversity information is an essential part of fungal diversity. The known number of fungi (micro and macro) species is approximately 100,000 of the estimated 5,000,000 species in the world (Blackwell, 2011). The tropical region, which is undoubtedly posing high mycodiversity has been inadequately observed and the mycoflora scarcely documented (Hawksworth, 2001), and Indonesia is no exception.
Macro fungi diversity data collection has not been done systematically in Indonesia. In 2019, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) reported that until 2017, there were only 2273 species of mushrooms in Indonesia or only about 0.15% of the total number of species in the world. Macrofungi are an often neglected component of biodiversity assessment, though they equally hold important genetic diversity with significant potential implication in nature and human welfare.
Appropriate knowledge of mushroom diversity and distribution is imperative for successful management and optimum utilization of the ecosystem for numerous benefits to mankind (Nwordu et al., 2013;Putra, 2020b). A simple contribution which can be made by any mycologists is to get involved in providing diversity data of macrofungi around them, including educational institutions. IPB University is one of the campuses in areas with high rainfall around campus building which making the condition suitable for mushroom development. Till date, only few comprehensive informations provided (Putra et al., 2019b;Putra 2020a) regarding mushroom diversity and potency around IPB University Campus Building (IPBUCB). Thus, the goal of this study was to examine macrofungi diversity and its potential utilization.

MATERIAL AND METHOD
The study was conducted around IPBUCB (Fig 2) in March-April 2018. Data collection was done by opportunistic sampling method as described by Prayudi et al., (2019). Mushroom identification was carried out using some macroscopic characters referring to (Putra et al., 2018). Macroscopic identification parameters including how mushroom grow, fruit body shape, Other characters observed were stipe shape, stipe color (young and mature stage), stipe diameter and length, stipe surface, attachment position, stipe attachment type on the substrate, stipe cross section, partial veil and universal veil, fruit body texture, odor , taste, and information on its use as food (edible or non edible) through literature studies to obtain data related to the use of fungi. Mushroom samples identified using several identification references, including (Arora, 1986;Maekawa et al., 2013;Desjardin et al., 2014;Laessøe et al., 2019).
Members of the Agaricales are distributed worldwide with many representatives in tropical and temperate regions and a few species in arctic-alpine areas and deserts (Vellinga, 2004). In Indonesia, Putra et al., (2017;2018;2019a;2019b) and Putra (2020a) reported that Agaricales always found both in the natural and tourism areas.
Mushrooms are both ecology and economically important. Thus, it is a very critical aspect to maintain macrofungi diversity. The first step to reach the goal is by providing comprehensive data of its diversity. Each mushroom found in this research has different characteristics. The following are the description of the mushroom of IPBUCB and their characters.

Armillariella sp.
Armillariella sp. was found growing on bamboo stems in scattered group style. The pileus color is black-yellow to brownish and changed after the time (hygrophanous). Cap diameter is 2.7 cm, convex at the upper shape, rounded at the underside, with a knob in the middle of pileus.The mature cap becomes more wrinkled and curled to the bottom side. The surface of pileus is smooth, cap margin curves slightly, and wet of the wetness level. Hymenophore type is lamella (Fig  1.A) with dense spacing between rows, pale yellow in colour,which attaches to the stipe by notching type. A cylindrical stipe with 3.5 cm in length, fibrillose surface, and consistent diameter size from pileus to the base (Fig 1.B). Theflesh of stipe is stuffed with no partial veils nor universal.Fruit body texture is soft with smells of soil and has a bitter taste. Wu et al., (2007)

Marasmiellus sp.
Marasmiellus sp. grow in groups, but the distance between fruit body was scattered on rotten twigs. (Figure 3.A). The pileus colour is white, and changed after time (hygrophanous), especially in the margin cap to reddish brown. Cap diameter is 9-12 mm with the conical shape at the young time and depressed at the mature stage. The surface of pileus coated floccose to pulverulent (powdery) (Figure 3.B), the edges are crisped, margins are slightly curved upturned, and moist at wetness level. This mushroom has hymenophore lamella (Figure 3.C) type with free lamellar attachment type, the medium distance between lines with a smooth margin. Stipe is cylindric-elongated form, 0.8 mm in diameter, 18-24 mm in length, and scaly surface. The stipe attaches to the center of the cap with solid flesh of stipe. There are no partial veils and soft fleshy fruit body texture. Fruit body texture is smooth with smells of soil and flavorless. Marasmiellus has been reported as source of hirsutane sesquiterpenes (Isaka et al., 2016), laccase (Chenthamarakshan et al., 2017), pathogen on Elais gueneensis (Almaliky et al., 2012), and important decomposer in many forests in Indonesia (Retnowati, 2018).

Pluteus sp.
Pluteus sp.1 grow solitary on loose soil with the brownish-colored hood (cap). The pileus color is light brown (Figure 4.A) and changed after the time (hygrophanous). Cap diameter is 2 cm with a depressed to a flat shape. The surface of the hood is radially fibrillose, crisped edges, inrolled margin, and moist at wetness level.The hymenophore is lamella with a freetype (Figure 4.B), dense in rows, purple-brown in color, and eroded at the margin. The stipe is cylindric, 3 mm in diameter, 5 cm in length, and smooth at the surface. The stipe attaches to the center of the cap with solid flesh of stipe. There are no partial veils and has soft fleshy fruit body texture. Fruit body texture is smoothwith smells of wood, and flavorless.There are only a few reports found on the utilization of Pluteus. One comprehensive report is the potential to affect human health as allergens (Rivera-Mariani et al., 2013). Putra et al., (2018) also described another species of Pluteus sp. from Mekarsari Tourism Park.  Mycena sp. found grow in woodwith caespitose pattern, the fungus grows on wood ( Figure 5.A). The pileus colour is light pink to orange without changing over time. Cap with a diameter of 1.4 cm, in the form of arched to semiglobose, and round shape from the bottom view. The cap surface is smooth, undulated edge, plane margin, and moist in wetness level. The hymenophore type is lamella (Figure 5.B), 0.7 cm in diameter, medium rows, and crenate type of margin. The stipe are : white in colour, 0.2 cm in diameter, 2.3 cm in length, hollow in cross-section. This mushroom has fleshy fruit body texture and does not possess a distinctive smell or taste.Mycena reported as alkaid source (Lohmann et al., 2018) and manganese source (Dosdall et al., 2014).

Agrocybe sp.
Agrocybe sp. grows solitary on the ground (Figure 6.A). Pileus is predominantly brown, with no color changes over time (hygrophanous).The diameter of the cap (cap) is 14 cm, flat shape with umbo ( Figure 6.B), and ovoid at the underside. Cap surface is scaly and slightly curved to the semi-uplifted margin. Hymenophore type is lamella (Figure 6.C)with free attachment type, 5.4 cm in length, medium rows, and entire type margin. Stipe are : smooth on the surface, 12.5 cm in length, 1.5 cm in diameter, and attached to the center of the pileus. Stipe is cylindric with a hollow crosssection. Stipe color is light brown, modified with annulus at the semisuperior position, and attached to the substrate with basal tomentum type. Agrocybe sp. observed has fleshy fruit body texture and bitter taste. Agrocybe reported as a source of fucogalactan, which is considered a promising approach to the leishmaniasis treatment (Motoshima et al., 2018), Anti-angiogenic activity (Lin et al., 2017), and potential for degrading both low and high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Chupungars et al., 2009).  Polyporus sp. grows on wood with scattered style. The pileus is brown and color changed over time (Hygrophanous) to dark brown. Pileus diameter is 1.4 cm with flat shape and slightly decurrent at the middle part of the cap. The pileus surface is floccose with hairy edges (Figure 7.A). The margin is incurved with dry wetness levels. Hymenophore type is pore ( Figure  7.B), detachable,and 0.1 cm in length. Stipe length is 1.6 cm, 0.1 cm in diameter, smooth surface, solid crosssection, and inserted type of stipe attachment to the substrate. The fruit body texture is soft, odorless, and flavorless. Polyporus found in this study is closely related to Polyporus tricholoma,but further observation is needed. Polyporus genus is reported as a source of secondary metabolites, which are of medicinal interest as antibacterial compounds (Sun & Zhou, 2014;Liu et al., 2018).

Entoloma sp.
The Entoloma sp. is found to grow in caespitose pattern. Pileus is brown without changing color after the time (Figure 8.A), as well as cap shape form in different stages. The surface of pileusis smooth, entire edge, inrolled margin, and dryof wetness level. The hymenophore is lamellawith adnexed type at the cap attachment (figure 8.B) and crowded of rows of the lamella. Stipe is cylindric, poses the same color with pileus, 9 mm in diameter, and smooth surface. The stipe attaches to the pileus in the center part with the hollow stipe section. The fruit body has a soft texture and does not hasa uniquecharacteristic odor. Entoloma reported for immunoenhancing and antioxidant activities (Maity et al., 2014;Maity et al., 2015).   The Xeromphalina sp. found grow scattered in IPBUCB. Pileus isyellow to brownish-yellow, the color changed after the time (hygrophanous). Cap is flat, 40 mm in diameter, and decurrent at the center of pileus (Figure 9.A). The pileus surface is radially fibrillose, entire edges, plane margin, and dray wetness level. Lamela (Figure 9.B) length is 27 mm, crowded at rows,and entire margin. Stipe has the same diameter from the base to the pileus, 3 mm in diameter, 73 mm in length, and fibrillose surface. Stipe has a rhizoid type of attachment to the substrate, and hollow cross section. This mushroom has soft fruit body texture and bitter taste. Osivand et al., (2018) reported that Xeromphalina tenuipes has allelophatic activity.

Paxillus sp.
The Paxillus sp. found to grow solitary on wood (Figure 10.A). Pileus isdecurent (Figure 10.B), hairy, brown color, and changing color after time. Pileus diameter is 1 cm with a concave shape, crisped edge, and rolled margin. The hymenophore is lamella with deeply decurent and almost half of the stipe covered. Lamela length is 1 cm, crowded at rows, and serrulete margin. The stipe is pale brownish in colour, 0.5 cm in diameter, and 1.3 cm in length (Figure 10.C). The cylindric stipe surface is fibrillose with an inserted type of substrate attachment. Stipe cross-section is stuffe, the texture of the fruit body is fleshy, and has wood smell and bitter or bitter taste. Colak et al., (2018) reported that Paxillus involutus had antioxidant potential, and thus, medical properties.

Lentinus sp.1
The collected Lentinus sp. live on dead trees in a scattered group type. The fruitbody consists of a depressed cup and a short stipe. Pileus is light brown, 8 cm in diameter,and flabelliform shape at the underside (Figure 11.A). The cap surface is radially fribrillose, crisped edge, uplifted margin, dray wetness level. The hymenophore type is lamella (Figure 11.B), 5.5 cm in diameter, serrulate margin. The stipe is brownish white, 1.8 cm lin length, 1 cm in diameter, and has fibrillose surface. The stipe attaches to pileus on terminal position, inserted type to the substrate, and solid in crosssection. The mushroom has a fleshy flesh and flavorless.  The Lentinus sp.2 found to grow scattered on the fallen trees ( Figure 12.A). Pileus is orange to brown in color,5-6 cm in diameter, radially fibrillose on the surfaces, undulating edge, (Figure 3), incurved margin,and dry level of wetness. The hymenophore is lamella ( Figure  12.B) with deep decurrent type, 3.5 cm in length, crowded rows, incurved margin, and dry of wetness level.The pseudo stipe is cylindric in shape, 5mm in length, fibrillose surface, and solid cross-section. The fruit body has tough fleshy -texture and hasa distinctive odor.
Lentinus is reported as a culinary-medicinal mushroom that possesses nutritious substances and biological activities (Lee et al., 2013;Mohammadnejad et al., 2019). Both Lentinus found in this study were different in colour and size with (Putra et al., 2019b;Putra, 2020a).

Collybia sp.
The Collybia sp. found to grow solitary (Figure 13.A) in semi forest soil near IPBUCB. Pileus are white in color, 32 mm in diameter, convex form from both top and bottom view. The surface pileus is smooth, flat edge,incurved margin,and dry at wetness level. The hymenophore is lamella with an adnexed type of attachment to the stipe and medium rows (Figure 13.B). The stipe is yellowish to white in colour, 5 mm in diameter, 50 mm in length, smooth surface, stuffed crosssection, and tapered downward. There are no partial veils and universal veils on the stipe. This mushroom has soft and fleshy fruit body texture and smells like vegetables. Collybia has been reported for antipruritic activity (Gupta et al., 2016) and the source of antibiotics (Engler et al., 1998).

Parasola sp.
The Parasola sp. found to live in the soil between grasses.Pileus is dark brown at the edge and pale brown at the center (Figure 14.A). Cap is radially fibrillose surface, 3-4 cm in diameter, convex in shape, wavy edge,inrolled margin, and moist in wetness level (Figure 14.B). The hymenophore is lamella type ( Figure  14.C), 1.5 cm in length, dense rows, and undulate margin. Stipe is   cylindric in shape, white in color, 0.5 cm in diameter, 6 cm in length, and smooth at the surface. The fruit body is soft and has flavorless taste. Sandargo et al., (2019) reported that many Basidiomycota, including Parasola are an importantsource of new pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals in the near future.

CONCLUSION
A total of 13 mushrooms were identified and described in this study, namely: Armillariella